The phase transformation mechanisms of PbSO4 in the presence of carbon at different reaction temperatures and times are presented in Fig. 3a and b. Figure 3a illustrates that at 900°C PbSO4 can selectively be reduced to PBS within 5 min reaction time. A limited amount of by-products appeared, e.g.,. The thermodynamic calculation results presented in Fig. 2 indicate that PBS and Fe3O4 can react and generate metallic Pb and FeS. Fe3O4, reduced from Fe2O3, was. The SEM–EDS micrographs of products generated in the PbS-Fe3O4-C reaction system are illustrated in Fig. 4. The results show that some Pb particles were surrounded. The reaction mechanism investigations proved that lead can be extracted from PbSO4 and lead oxides including PbO and PbO2 at reducing atmosphere with sulfur.
Can reductive sulfur-fixing smelting extract lead from battery paste?
The innovative cleaner metallurgical process for one-step extraction of lead from spent lead-acid battery paste via reductive sulfur-fixing smelting is technically feasible. This new technique is characterized by high comprehensive recovery of valuable metals, elimination of SO 2 emission, energy conservation and environment-friendly.
In, the authors provided specific data on the percentage of a scrap of spent lead-acid batteries consisting of electrolyte (11-30%), polymer materials (22-30%), lead alloy mesh (24-30%) and PbSO 4 paste (30-40%). The source stated that about 80-85% of secondary lead was derived from lead sulfate.
Can a cleaner pyrometallurgical lead-acid battery recycling system reduce SO2 generation?
This study proposed a cleaner pyrometallurgical lead-acid battery (LAB) recycling method for lead extraction and sulfur conservation without an excessive amount of SO 2 generation. A reducing atmosphere was introduced to the lead paste recycling system to selectively reduce PbSO 4 to PbS.
Can lead-acid battery paste be recycled?
An innovative and environmentally friendly lead-acid battery paste recycling method is proposed. The reductive sulfur-fixing recycling technique was used to simultaneously extract lead and immobilize sulfur. SO 2 emissions and pollution were significantly eliminated.
Primary recoveries of 96.2% for lead and 98.9% for sulfur were obtained. The purity of the crude lead bullion was 98.6 wt.%. Sulfur was fixed in the solidified matte as FeS and NaFeS 2. Spent lead-acid batteries (LABs) are widely scrapped from automobiles and electric bicycles in urban areas.
Can reductive sulfur-fixing recycling be used to extract lead from lab paste?
Effective lead extraction from LAB paste by a reductive sulfur-fixing recycling technique was shown to be feasible, thermodynamically and experimentally. The reaction mechanism investigations revealed that the presence of Na 2 CO 3 helped to transform SO 3 from PbSO 4 to Na 2 SO 4 at low temperatures and in weakly reductive atmospheres.