The essential reactions at the heart of the lead–acid cell have not altered during the century and a half since the system was conceived. As the applications for which lead–acid batteries have been employed have b. Gaston Planté, following experiments that had commenced in 1859, was the first to report that a useful discharge current could be drawn from a pair of lead plates that had been immersed i. The open-circuit potentials of the positive and the negative electrodes – and,. The discharge–charge curves for positive and negative electrodes in a lead–acid cell are illustrated schematically in Fig. 3.3. Immediately on applying a load, there is an instantaneous dr. The key technical challenge to be met in maximizing battery performance involves facilitating the continuity of the supply, contact and interaction of the reactants. In principle, this req.
