NanomaterialsGenerally, any powdered materials with particle diameter ranged from 1 to 100 nm are categorized as nanosized materials (Manaktala and Singh 2016; Changseok et al. 2013). Accordingly, the nanomaterials have received much interest because of their high efficiency in many applications, such as smart coating devices (e.g., thermochromic, photochromic, and electrochro. NanomaterialsGenerally, any powdered materials with particle diameter ranged from 1 to 100 nm are categorized as nanosized materials (Manaktala and Singh 2016; Changseok et al. 2013). Accordingly, the nanomaterials have received much interest because of their high efficiency in many applications, such as smart coating devices (e.g., thermochromic, photochromic, and electrochromic devices), solar energy systems, and sensing. Also, they also improve efficiency and lower prices in a variety of fields, includ. There are three types of nanomaterials based on their composition, including inorganic-, organic-, and carbon-based materials as shown in Table 1. Owing to unique size, nanomaterials exhibited higher reactivity, high sensitivity, large surface area, and strength. Additionally, the nanoparticles can be categorized according to their dimensions (Jeev. As stated by Singh et al. 2020, top-down and bottom-up methods are the main approaches used for synthesizing nanomaterials (Fig. 2). For top-down strategy, coarse materials are disintegrated into nanostructured particles using laser ablation, mechanical milling, etching, electroexplosion, and sputtering. Meanwhile, bottom-up strategy includes spinn. Mechanical millingThis method is considered as a cost-efficient approach, in which the bulky materials transformed into nanosized ones. A blend of different nanophases as well as nanocomposites, such as copper-based nanoalloys and aluminum nickel magnesium, can be effectively prepared using this method (Sharma et al. 2021).ElectrospinningIt is regarded as one of the simplest top-down methods for synthesizing nano-based materials. This method is usually applied for synthesizing nanofiber-based polymers such as polyurethane nanofibrous membranes (Xiao et al. 2022).SputteringSputtering is a technique for producing nanoscale materials by blasting solid objects with high-energy particles delivered by plasma or gas. It is regarded as a viable technology for creating nanoscale thin film. Sputtering is a process in. The process of laser ablation synthesis entails the formation of nanoparticles by shattering the target material with a powerful laser beam. In this method, high-energy laser irradiation caused a vaporization of the precursor or source material to yield nanosized materials. Owing to there is no need for chemical or stabilizing agent, laser ablation.
